Update on Cervical Hernia Treatment: Conservative Management and Indications of Different Surgical Techniques / Atualização no tratamento da hérnia discal cervical: Manejo conservador e indicações de diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas

Summary Cervical and root pain due to herniated disc is one a common cause of a visit to an orthopedic surgeon. It is important to know how to diagnose, treat and initially. What are the best options to treat a herniated disc nowadays? The present article reviews the literature and updates on the clinical and surgical treatment of cervical disc herniation.

Resumo A dor cervical e radicular devido à hérnia de disco é uma causa comum de uma visita a um cirurgião ortopédico. É importante saber diagnosticar, tratar e inicialmente. Quais são as melhores opções para tratar a hérnia de disco hoje em dia? Este artigo faz uma revisão da literatura e atualização sobre o tratamento clínico e cirúrgico da herniação do disco cervical.

Síndrome de cola de caballo secundario a hernia discal / Cauda equina syndrome secondary to herniated disc / Síndrome de cauda eqüina secundária a hérnia discal

Resumen: Introducción: el síndrome de cola de caballo (SCC) es una entidad poco frecuente, provocado por la compresión de las raíces nerviosas en el canal a nivel de la cola de caballo. Puede dejar graves secuelas si no es diagnosticado y tratado de forma precoz. Únicamente 2% a 6% de las hernias discales lumbares van a provocar un SCC. El diagnóstico de esta patología se basa en criterios clínicos, siendo éstos objeto de controversia dada la variabilidad de presentación del cuadro clínico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la presentación clínica y evolución posoperatoria de los pacientes intervenidos por SCC secundaria a hernia de disco por equipo del Centro de Deformidades de Columna (CE.DEF.CO), entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2018. Material y método: realizamos un análisis retrospectivo. La población objetivo son los pacientes intervenidos por SCC secundario a hernia discal entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2018 por equipo del CE.DEF.CO. Analizamos 20 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente, de ellos 17 (85%) casos presentaron síntomas urinarios, 18 (90%) casos dolor o elementos deficitarios en miembros inferiores, 13 casos anestesia/hipoestesia en silla de montar, 6 casos síntomas intestinales y 3 casos presentaron disfunciones sexuales. En 19 casos se realizó procedimiento quirúrgico antes de las 48 de iniciados los síntomas. Resultados: la remisión de síntomas esfinterianos al mes es de 83% y al año posoperatorio de casi 87%. Se constató un caso de disfunción sexual al año posoperatorio. Conclusión: el diagnóstico precoz por el médico emergencista es fundamental, por lo que el conocimiento de esta patología es imprescindible. Nuestros resultados en pacientes intervenidos de forma precoz, antes de las 48 horas, fueron similares a los publicados en la bibliografía internacional con bajo porcentaje de secuelas.

Summary: Introduction: cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a rare entity, caused by compression of the nerve roots in the spinal canal at the cauda equina level. It can leave serious sequelae if it is not diagnosed and treated early. Only 2-6% of lumbar disc herniation will cause CES. The diagnosis of this pathology is based on clinical criteria, these being the subject of controversy given the variability of presentation of the clinical picture. Materials and methods: we conducted a retrospective study. The target population are the patients operated on for CES secondary to herniated disc between January 2009 and December 2018 by a team from CE.DEF.CO. (center for spinal deformities). The objective is to carry out a set-up regarding the clinical presentation of this entity and to evaluate the correlation between surgical time and neurological improvement. Out of 20 patients who were operated, 17 (85%) presented urinary symptoms, 18 (90%) were patients in pain or presenting deficit elements in the lower limbs, 13 were cases of anesthesia / hypoesthesia in the saddle, 6 cases evidenced intestinal symptoms and 3 cases presented sexual dysfunction. In 19 cases, a surgical procedure was performed before 48 hours after symptoms started. Results: the remission of sphincter symptoms after one month is 83% and it rises to almost 87% one year after the surgery. One case of sexual dysfunction persisted one year after surgery. Conclusion: early diagnosis by the emergency physician is essential, so knowledge of this pathology is essential. Our experience and good results allow us to conclude that early surgical treatment is associated with symptomatic improvement and fewer neurological sequelae in the short and long term.

Resumo: Introdução: a síndrome da cauda eqüina (SCE) é uma entidade rara causada pela compressão das raízes nervosas no canal no nível da cauda eqüina. Pode deixar seqüelas graves se não for diagnosticada e tratada precocemente. Apenas 2-6% das hérnias do disco lombar causarão a síndrome da cauda eqüina. O diagnóstico desta patologia é baseado em critérios clínicos, sendo este motivo de controvérsia, dada a variabilidade da apresentação do quadro clínico. Materiais e métodos: realizamos um estudo retrospectivo. A população-alvo estava composta por pacientes operados por SCE secundária a hérnia discal entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2018 pela equipe do CE. DEF.CO (Centro de Defeitos da Coluna Vertebral). Foram analisados 20 pacientes operados, dos quais 17 (85%) apresentaram sintomas urinários, 18 (90%) dor ou elementos de deficiência em membros inferiores, 13 anestesia / hipoestesia em sela, 6 sintomas intestinais e 3 disfunções sexuais. Em 19 casos, um procedimento cirúrgico foi realizado antes de 48 horas após o início dos sintomas. Resultado: a remissão dos sintomas esfincterianos em um mês é de 83% e em um ano pós-operatório é de quase 87%. Um caso de disfunções sexuais foi encontrado um ano após a cirurgia. Conclusão: o diagnóstico precoce pelo médico de emergência é essencial, portanto o conhecimento desta patologia é fundamental. Nossos resultados em pacientes operados precocemente, antes de 48 horas, foram semelhantes aos publicados na literatura internacional com baixo percentual de seqüelas.

Hernia del disco intervetebral lumbar: revisión narrativa de clínica y manejo / Lumbar herniated disc: narrative review on clinical management

Los cuadros de lumbociática secundarios a hernia del disco intervertebral (hdi) son frecuentes y causantes de importante morbilidad. En esta revisión narrativa, nos enfocaremos en los aspectos clínicos y de manejo de esta frecuente patología. Se tiene que mantener un algo grado de sospecha, pues no siempre los cuadros clínicos son similares a lo descrito clásicamente. Los signos radiculares irritativos y un examen neurológico exhaustivo son fundamentales, asimismo la correlación entre este cuadro y las imágenes. El curso natural de la hdi es en general hacia la resolución y, por lo tanto, el tratamiento de elección es inicialmente conservador. La cirugía tiene un rol generalmente en pacientes que han fracasado con el manejo conservador. Esta tiene mejores resultados en el corto plazo que el tratamiento conservador continuo, pero en el largo plazo son equivalentes. Es fundamental discutir estos aspectos con el paciente, para lograr una elección informada del tratamiento, de acuerdo a sus preferencias

Sciatic pain caused by a herniated disk (ldh) is frequent and cause of significant morbidity. In this narrative review, we will discuss the clinical aspects and management of ldh diagnosis and management. High suspicion for ldh diagnosis must be kept, since its clinical picture is not always classical. Tension signs and neurological examination are key, along with correlation with images. Ldh natural history is generally towards resolution and therefore, conservative treatment is the first choice. Surgery has its role for patients who have failed conservative treatment. Surgery achieves a faster pain alleviation than conservative treatment, but on the long-term results tend to become equivalent. Ample and detailed discussion of these aspects with the patient are clue for an informed consent and satisfactory results.

Hérnia de disco: epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento / Disc herniation: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment

Objetivos: Explorar a hérnia de disco desde a sua epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, fatores de risco, diagnóstico e tratamento, com ênfase na abordagem cirúrgica e subsequente recuperação. Métodos: Análise de revisões sistemáticas publicadas nos últimos 5 anos sobre hérnia de disco, utilizando bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Resultados: Tendo em vista o caráter geralmente benigno desta doença, a opção pelo tratamento conservador é a primeira escolha, apresentando em torno de 60-90% de resolução espontânea. O benefício do tratamento cirúrgico para pacientes portadores de hérnia de disco é a melhora sintomática e a recapacitação funcional. Há diversas técnicas cirúrgicas para correção da herniação e a escolha do tratamento adequado varia de acordo com a gravidade da doença e grau de acometimento nas atividades diárias. Conclusões: A hérnia de disco é uma patologia extremamente comum. Os pacientes portadores de hérnia discal apresentam sinais e sintomas clínicos característicos, conforme a região de acometimento. Os fatores de risco são inúmeros, abrangendo desde causas ambientais até fatores genéticos. A opção de tratamento varia de acordo com a gravidade da doença e grau de interferência nas atividades diárias. Atualmente, a abordagem primária tem sido o tratamento conservador, visando alívio da dor, melhora da capacidade funcional e retardo na progressão da doença. Em vigência de falha terapêutica ou sinais de gravidade, preconiza-se o tratamento cirúrgico no manejo da hérnia de disco.

Aims: Explore the intervertebral disc displacement including its epidemiology, physiopathology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment, focusing on the surgical treatment and subsequent recovery. Methods: Analysis of Systematic Reviews about herniated disc published in the last five years, both in national and international data bases. Results: Considering the benign nature of this disease, the option for conservative therapy is the first choice, leading to around 60-90% spontaneous resolution. The benefit of surgical treatment for patients with herniated disc is symptomatic improvement and functional retraining. There are several surgical techniques for correction of herniation and the choice of appropriate treatment varies according to the severity of the disease and degree of impairment in daily activities. Conclusions: Intervertebral disc displacement is an extremely common pathology. Patients with a herniated disc present characteristic clinical signs and symptoms, depending on the region of involvement. Risk factors are numerous, ranging from environmental causes to genetic factors. The treatment option varies according to the severity of the disease and degree of interference in daily activities. Currently, the primary approach has been conservative therapy, aimed at pain relief, improvement of functional capacity and delay in disease progression. In the presence of therapeutic failure or signs of severity, surgical treatment is recommended in the management of disc herniation.

Diagnóstico diferencial de hernia discal / Diagnostic differences for disc herniation

Disc herniation is a frequent pathology in the radiologist's daily practice. There are different pathologies that can simulate a herniated disc from the clinical and especially the imaging point of view that we should consider whenever we report a herniated disc. These lesions may originate from the vertebral body (osteophytes and metastases), the intervertebral disc (discal cyst), the intervertebral foramina (neurinomas), the interapophyseal joints (synovial cyst) and from the epidural space (hematoma and epidural abscess).

La hernia discal es una patología frecuente en la práctica diaria del radiólogo. Hay distintas patologías que pueden simular una hernia discal desde el punto de vista clínico y especialmente imagenológico que debemos considerar cada vez que informamos una hernia discal. Estas lesiones pueden provenir del cuerpo vertebral (osteofitos y metástasis), del disco intervertebral (quiste discal), de los forámenes intervertebrales (neurinomas), de las articulaciones interapofisiarias (quiste sinovial) y desde el espacio epidural (hematoma y absceso epidural).

Tratamiento de luxación discal sin reducción: responsabilidad del odontopediatra / Treatment of disk displacement without reduction: the pediatric dentist´s responsibility

Actualmente, es frecuente la consulta por trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) en la clínica odontopediátrica, siendo reconocida la múltiple causalidad de los mismos. Se presenta la resolución de una situación clínica de una paciente de 13 años de edad que acudió a la Cátedra de Odontología Integral Niños (OIN), presentando dolor muscular y articular del lado derecho, limitando la apertura bucal a 25 mm confortable y a 28 mm forzada, con desvío de la mandíbula hacia la izquierda. Refería haber sido atendida en una guardia médica el día anterior con bloqueo en apertura, luego de 8 meses de evolución, con síntomas de chasquido y doloir, sin haber realizado consulta alguna. Se indicó tratamiento sintomático y se solicitaron estudios complementarios. El diagnóstico fue de luxación discal sin reducción. Con la evaluación integral, se hallaron factores concomitantes, tales como maloclusión, hiperlaxitud, respiración bucal y parafunciones. En el abordaje terapéutico, se colocó un intermediario oclusal para reposicionamiento mandibular, se realizó tratamiento fonoaudiológico miofuncional y reeducación postural global (RPG). La paciente evolucionó favorablemente; a los 6 meses resolvió el ruido articular y al año estaba asintomática, con 37 mm de apertura, comenzando su tratamiento de ortodoncia y manteniendo controles durante 4 años. El compromiso de la familia y la participación de un equipo de trabajo, permitió la resolución integral del caso. El odontopediatra tiene la responsabilidad de alertar a padres y pacientes sobre factores de riesgo, diagnosticar TTM y orientar los tratamientos, involucrándose cuando corresponde su intervención, o derivando en forma oportuna...

Extruded Lumbar Disc Herniation with Spontaneous Reabsorption: Case Report and Review / Reabsorção espontânea de hérnia discal lombar extrusa: relato de caso

Disc herniation is a common condition in the population and has a direct impact on the quality of life in patients, also causing functional limitations in the work place. Treatment protocols include conservative management and/or various surgical interventions. This paper reports on a case of symptomatic large extruded disc herniation, together with spontaneous clinical regression and total re-absorption. We show here conservative management, and a literature review of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for such an unusual evolution.

Hérnia discal é condição comum na população e tem impacto direto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, assim como causa limitações funcionais em seu ambiente de trabalho. Protocolos de tratamento incluem manejo conservador e/ou diversos tipos de intervenção cirúrgica. Este artigo relata o caso de uma extensa hérnia extrusa sintomática, juntamente a sua regressão clínica espontânea e sua total reabsorção. Descrevemos também seu manejo conservador e uma revisão da literatura para a principal hipótese diagnóstica nesta evolução incomum.

Comparative Effectivenesses of Pulsed Radiofrequency and Transforaminal Steroid Injection for Radicular Pain due to Disc Herniation: a Prospective Randomized Trial

Transforaminal Epidural steroid injections (TFESI) have been widely adopted to alleviate and control radicular pain in accord with current guidelines. However, sometimes repeated steroid injections have adverse effects, and thus, this prospective randomized trial was undertaken to compare the effectivenesses of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) administered to a targeted dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and TFESI for the treatment of radicular pain due to disc herniation. Subjects were recruited when first proved unsuccessful (defined as a score of > 4 on a visual analogue scale (VAS; 0-10 mm) and of > 30% according to the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) or the Neck Disability Index (NDI)). Forty-four patients that met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The 38 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either PRF (PRF group; n = 19) or additional TFESI (TFESI group; n = 19) and were then followed for 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. To evaluate pain intensity were assessed by VAS. ODI and NDI were applied to evaluate functional disability. Mean VAS scores for cervical and lumbar radicular pain were significantly lower 12 weeks after treatment in both study groups. NDI and ODI scores also declined after treatment. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the PRF and TFESI groups in terms of VAS, ODI, or NDI scores at any time during follow-up. PRF administered to a DRG might be as effective as TFESI in terms of attenuating radicular pain caused by disc herniation, and its use would avoid the adverse effects of steroid.

Comparative Effectivenesses of Pulsed Radiofrequency and Transforaminal Steroid Injection for Radicular Pain due to Disc Herniation: a Prospective Randomized Trial

Transforaminal Epidural steroid injections (TFESI) have been widely adopted to alleviate and control radicular pain in accord with current guidelines. However, sometimes repeated steroid injections have adverse effects, and thus, this prospective randomized trial was undertaken to compare the effectivenesses of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) administered to a targeted dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and TFESI for the treatment of radicular pain due to disc herniation. Subjects were recruited when first proved unsuccessful (defined as a score of > 4 on a visual analogue scale (VAS; 0-10 mm) and of > 30% according to the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) or the Neck Disability Index (NDI)). Forty-four patients that met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The 38 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either PRF (PRF group; n = 19) or additional TFESI (TFESI group; n = 19) and were then followed for 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. To evaluate pain intensity were assessed by VAS. ODI and NDI were applied to evaluate functional disability. Mean VAS scores for cervical and lumbar radicular pain were significantly lower 12 weeks after treatment in both study groups. NDI and ODI scores also declined after treatment. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the PRF and TFESI groups in terms of VAS, ODI, or NDI scores at any time during follow-up. PRF administered to a DRG might be as effective as TFESI in terms of attenuating radicular pain caused by disc herniation, and its use would avoid the adverse effects of steroid.

Brachioradial pruritus in a patient with cervical disc herniation and Parsonage-Turner syndrome

Abstract Brachioradial pruritus is a chronic sensory neuropathy of unknown etiology which affects the skin of the shoulders, arms and forearms on the insertion of the brachioradialis muscle. We describe the case of a 60-yearold woman recently diagnosed with multiple myeloma who refers paresis, severe pruritus and itching lesions on the right arm with 6 months of evolution. Investigation led to a diagnosis of Brachioradial pruritus consequent to the presence of cervical disc herniation and Parsonage-Turner syndrome. The patient started gabapentin 900mg/day with good control of itching. Corticosteroids and antihistamines are often ineffective in the treatment of BP. Gabapentin has been used with encouraging results. All patients with Brachioradial pruritus should be evaluated for cervical spine injuries.

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for Pretreatment Evaluation and Prediction of Treatment Effect in Patients Undergoing CT-Guided Injection for Lumbar Disc Herniation

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a change in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value could predict early response to CT-guided Oxygen-Ozone (O2-O3) injection therapy in patients with unilateral mono-radiculopathy due to lumbar disc herniation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 52 patients with unilateral mono-radiculopathy received a single intradiscal (3 mL) and periganglionic (5 mL) injection of an O2-O3 mixture. An ADC index of the involved side to the intact side was calculated using the following formula: pre-treatment ADC index = ([ADC involved side - ADC intact side] / ADC intact side) x 100. We analyzed the relationship between the pre-treatment Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the ADC index. In addition, the correlation between ODI recovery ratio and ADC index was investigated. The sensitivity and specificity of the ADC index for predicting response in O2-O3 therapy was determined. RESULTS: Oswestry Disability Index and the ADC index was not significantly correlated (r = -0.125, p = 0.093). The ADC index and ODI recovery ratio was significantly correlated (r = 0.819, p < 0.001). When using 7.10 as the cut-off value, the ADC index obtained a sensitivity of 86.3% and a specificity of 82.9% for predicting successful response to therapy around the first month of follow-up. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study demonstrates that the patients with decreased ADC index tend to show poor improvement of clinical symptoms. The ADC index may be a useful indicator to predict early response to CT-guided O2-O3 injection therapy in patients with unilateral mono-radiculopathy due to lumbar disc herniation.

Angina cervical: relato de caso / Cervical angina: report of case

A angina cervical (AC) é uma síndrome clínica que apresenta diagnóstico diferencial com a angina pectoris, comumente subdiagnosticada. Sua prevalência necessita de dados pela dificuldade diagnóstica como também pela realização de exames e procedimentos desnecessários. A causa mais comum da AC é a compressão das raízes nervosas cervicais. A discectomia cervical tem sido realizada no seu tratamento. Os autores apresentam um caso de angina cervical e discutem seu diagnóstico e conduta.

Cervical angina (AC) is a clinical syndrome that presents differential diagnosis of angina pectoris, commonly misdiagnosed. Its prevalence requires data by diagnostic difficulty and the performance of unnecessary tests. The most common cause of the compression of the cervical nerve roots. The cervical discectomy has been performed in its treatment. The authors present a case of cervical angina and discuss their diagnosis and therapy.

Traumatic extrusion of C5-C6 intervertebral disc associated to mielopathy without bone lesion: report of 2 cases and review

The authors reports two cases of cervical disc herniation caused by trauma without osseous lesions in articular facets, vertebral bodies or dislocations. It constitutes uncommon lesions in spinal cord injury. The literature is reviewed.

Traitement chirurgical de la hernie discale cervicale : evaluation de notre experience a partir de 9 cas

Introduction : La hernie discale cervicale est une pathologie peu frequente. Son diagnostic est en general facile. Cependant sa prise en charge connait des controverses entre disectomie avec ou sans greffe associee ou non a une osteosynthese. Dans cette optique nous rapportons notre experience de cette chirurgie a travers une petite serie de 9 patients operes par voie anterieure pre sterno cleido mastoidienne. Materiel et methodes : Il s'agissait d'une etude retrospective portant sur 9 patients pris en charge par voie anterieure pour hernie discale cervicale entre 2001 et 2006 a l'Hopital General de Grand Yoff de Dakar. Le diagnostic avait ete fait sur la clinique et le Myelo scanner cervical. Le recul post operatoire etait compris entre 1 et 5 ans. Resultats : L'age moyen des patients etait de 43 ans avec des extremes de 20 a 68 ans. On notait une predominance masculine (sexe ratio de 2/1). La majorite des hernies etait d'origine degenerative. Il s'agissait essentiellement des hernies discales molles qui predominaient aux etages C4 C5 et C5 C6. Tous les patients ont ete operes par la droite. Nous avons realise une discectomie d'un etage dans 8 cas et de 2 etages dans 1 cas. Le ligament longitudinal vertebral posterieur etait ouvert systematiquement. Une greffe avec osteosynthese a ete utilisee dans 4 cas. L'evolution a ete bonne. Une arthrodese spontanee a ete notee dans 7 cas. Conclusion : Le traitement chirurgical de la hernie discale se fait generalement par voie anterieure. Il est generalement associe a de bons resultats post operatoires

La hernie discale lombaire au CHU de Cocody (Abidjan): aspects epidemiologiques; cliniques; radiologiques et therapeutiques

Objectif : Decrire les caracteristiques epidemiologiques; cliniques; radiologiques et therapeutiques des hernies discales lombaires vues en hospitalisation rhumatologique a Abidjan.Patients et methode : Etude retrospective descriptive sur 7 ans menee au service de Rhumatologie (unite d'hospitalisation) du CHU de Cocody portant sur 39 dossiers. Ont ete inclus tous les dossiers de patients ayant une hernie discale lombaire de diagnostic scannographique. Une fiche d'enquete a permis de recueillir les donnees epidemiologiques; cliniques; radiologiques et therapeutiques. Resultats : La frequence hospitaliere de la hernie discale lombaire etait de 4;1 par rapport a l'ensemble des pathologies lombaires (948 cas). Elle predominait chez l'adulte masculin (56;4) ages de 49 ans en moyenne. Les patients provenant du secteur informel (commercants; ouvriers; cultivateurs.) predominaient (30;8). Ils rapportaient des antecedents douloureux lombaires (82;1). La hernie discale lombaire se manifestait par une lombosciatalgie (82;1) hyperalgique de trajet monoradiculaire L5 (38;9) ou S1 (30;6). La radiographie standard montrait un pincement discal (56;4). Elle etait normale dans 15;4 des cas. La tomodensitometrie lombaire revelait la predominance des formes posteromedianes (30;8) et posterolaterales (25;6). La strategie therapeutique etait basee sur le traitement medicamenteux (89;7) et physique. La neurochirurgie etait indiquee dans 10;3 des cas. Conclusion : La hernie discale lombaire est peu frequente en hospitalisation rhumatologique a Abidjan. Elle s'exprime par un syndrome lomboradiculaire hyperalgique et est dominee par les formes postero-medianes et postero-laterales. Le traitement conservateur est le plus souvent indique. La lutte contre la baisse de productivite passe par la prevention par l'ecole du dos

Hérnia discal lombar com migração posterior - dilema em diagnóstico por imagem devido a contraindicação ao uso de contraste: relato de um caso / Posterior migration of lumbar disc herniation - imaging dilemma due to contrast contraindication: a case report

Disc herniation with posterior epidural migration is a rare and often symptomatic entity. Multiple are the natural barriers that prevent this pattern of migration. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic modality of choice in these cases. The diagnostic dilemma in this case was the contraindication to the use of contrast since the patient was known to have chronic renal failure.

Hérnia discal com migração epidural posterior é uma entidade rara e frequentemente sintomática. Múltiplas são as barreiras naturais que impedem esse padrão de migração. A ressonância magnética contrastada é a modalidade diagnóstica de escolha nesses casos. O dilema diagnóstico, neste caso, foi a contraindicação ao uso de contraste, uma vez que o paciente era portador de insuficiência renal crônica.

Hérnia discal lombar na infância / Disc herniation in infancy

Introdução: A hérnia discal na infância é rara. Apresenta etiologia controversa. As principais manifestações clínicas são dor e dificuldade na deambulação. A ressonância magnética tem sido considerada exame de eleição no diagnóstico e conduta. O tratamento inicial é conservador e, em caso de cirurgia, usar técnica minimamente invasiva. Metodologia: Artigo de revisão realizado com levantamento em base de dados Medline/Pubmed, SciELO e LILACS, incluindo um período de 1946 a 2010, com prioridade para artigos com maior relevância. Resultados: Foram analisados artigos relacionados à hérnia discal na infância, dos quais 39, revisados, resultaram no presente trabalho. Conclusões: Deve-se pensar na possibilidade de hérnia discal quando as crianças apresentam lombalgia ou restrição à deambulação, principalmente se houver história recente de trauma. Ressonância magnética é o exame de eleição no diagnóstico e conduta. O tratamento cirúrgico, através de técnicas minimamente invasivas, apresenta resultados satisfatórios.

Introduction: Disc herniation in childhood is a rare disease, and its etiology is still controversial. The main clinical features are back pain and walking difficulty. Magnetic resonance is considered the method of choice for diagnosis and therapeutic decision. Initial treatment is conservative and in surgical cases, minimally invasive techniques should be used. Method: Review article of a survey conducted in the Medline/PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases, including a period from 1946 to 2010, giving priority to the most relevant articles. Results: We reviewed articles related to disc herniation in childhood, of which 39 have been revised and resulted in this work. Conclusions: Due to its low prevalence in the pediatric group, the hernia is often misdiagnosed. However, the presence of low back pain and restriction in walking, especially if there is a recent history of trauma associated, should alert health professionals to this etiologic possibility. MRI is the method of choice for diagnosis and management. Surgical treatment using minimally invasive techniques provides satisfactory results.

Tratamento cirúrgico de recidivas de hérnias discais lombares: que resultados? / Tratamiento quirúrgico de recidivas de hernias lumbares de disco: cuáles son los resultados? / Surgical treatment in recurrent lumbar disc herniation: what results?

OBJETIVOS: No tratamento da recidiva de hérnia discal lombar, em particular no âmbito cirúrgico, vários aspectos se mantêm controversos. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para definir características pré-operatórias que influenciem os resultados subjetivo e objetivo da cirurgia. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados doentes submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica por hérnia discal lombar recidivada em um período de dez anos; foram revistos os processos clínicos e reavaliados os pacientes, de forma subjetiva (grau de satisfação, Pain Visual Analogue Scale, Score de Stanford) e objetiva (Índice de Incapacidade de Oswestry, Questionário de Zurich). Foi realizada uma análise estatística desses dados. RESULTADOS: O número total foi de 55 doentes, com predomínio do sexo masculino. A taxa de complicações foi de 7,3 por cento. Onze doentes (20 por cento) necessitaram de terceira intervenção cirúrgica. A grande maioria (91,5 por cento) dos doentes afirma-se satisfeita com o tratamento cirúrgico. Houve uma variação média favorável pelo Índice de Oswestry (-46,27 por cento), confirmada pelas restantes escalas; 81,6 por cento dos pacientes ativos retomaram a atividade laboral prévia. Foram encontrados preditores significativos do resultado funcional, e a necessidade de terceira cirurgia para o retorno à atividade laboral. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento cirúrgico da recidiva de hérnia discal lombar permite resultados favoráveis no controle sintomático e funcional, em todos os testes aplicados. Algumas variáveis pré-operatórias podem ajudar a prever os pacientes menos susceptíveis à melhoria.

OBJECTIVES: Concerning treatment for recurrent lumbar disc herniation, especially in surgery, several aspects remain controversial. This work aims to define preoperative characteristics that influence the subjective and objective results of surgery. METHODS: We selected patients undergoing surgery for recurrent lumbar disc herniation over a period of ten years; we reviewed the medical records and reassessed the patients subjectively (degree of satisfaction, Pain Visual Analogue Scale, Stanford Score) and objectively (Oswestry Disability Index, Zurich Questionnaire). A statistical analysis of these data was carried out. RESULTS: The total number was 55 patients, predominantly male. The complication rate was 7.3 percent. Eleven patients (20 percent) needed a third surgery. A large majority (91.5 percent) of patients said they were satisfied with the surgical treatment. There was a favorable average variation of the Oswestry Index (-46.27 percent), confirmed by other scales; 81.6 percent of active patients resumed previous work activity. Significant predictors of functional outcome were found and also the need of a third surgical procedure for the return to work activity. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment for recurrent lumbar disc herniation allows a favorable outcome in symptomatic and functional terms in all tests. Some preoperative variables can help predict patients less susceptible to improvement.

OBJETIVOS: En el tratamiento de la hernia de disco lumbar recurrente, especialmente en relación con la cirugía, algunos aspectos siguen generando controversias. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo definir las características preoperatorias que influyen en los resultados subjetivos y objetivos de la cirugía. MÉTODOS: Seleccionamos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de hernia de disco lumbar recurrente durante un período de diez años. Fueran revisados los registros médicos y se reevaluó a los pacientes subjetiva (grado de satisfacción, escala visual analógica del dolor, Score de Stanford) y objetivamente (Índice de discapacidad de Oswestry, Cuestionario de Zurich). Se realizó un análisis estadístico de estos datos. RESULTADOS: El número total fue 55 pacientes, predominantemente de sexo masculino. La tasa de complicaciones fue 7,3 por ciento. 11 pacientes (20 por ciento) necesitaron una tercera cirugía. Una gran mayoría (91,5 por ciento) de los pacientes mostró su satisfacción con el tratamiento quirúrgico. Se verificó una variación promedio favorable del Índice de Oswestry (-46,27 por ciento), confirmada por las otras escalas; el 81,6 por ciento de los pacientes activos reanudó la actividad laboral previa. Fueran encontrados factores predictivos significativos de los resultados funcionales, necesidad de una tercera intervención quirúrgica y para el regreso al trabajo. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento quirúrgico de la hernia discal lumbar recurrente permite un resultado favorable en el control sintomático y funcional en todas las pruebas. Algunas variables preoperatorias pueden ayudar a predecir los pacientes menos susceptibles de mejora.

Evolución clínica y radiológica en el tratamiento de hernia discal con prótesis PDN-SOLO con ancla: seguimiento mínimo a tres años / Clinical and radiological development in the treatment of intervertebral disc with prosthesis PDN-SOLO with anchors: follow-up to a minimum of three years / Evolução clínica e radiológica no tratamento da hérnia discal com prótese PDN-SOLO com ancora: seguimento mínimo por três anos

OBJETIVO: las prótesis de núcleo (PDN-SOLO) reconstruyen la anatomía y preservan la biomecánica del disco intervertebral con un índice de migración de 10 por ciento y de hundimiento de 19 por ciento. Por eso, proponemos un sistema de fijación para evitar estas complicaciones. MÉTODOS: fueron utilizados veinte pacientes con seguimiento mínimo de tres años. La valoración de dolor con EVA, función con Escala de Oswestry (EO) y disco por estudios radiográficos y resonancia magnética fueron aplicadas. El análisis estadístico fue por t de Student. RESULTADOS: El grupo comprende 8 mujeres y 12 hombres con una edad promedio de 37.6 años. Los valores preoperatorios de EVA fueron 7.6 puntos y EO de 67 por ciento, la altura del espacio intervertebral (El) de 7.67 mm. A tres años, EVA de dolor de 0.7 y EO a menos de 6 por ciento (p<0.000). Incremento altura disco promedio 2 mm. La prótesis presentó movilidad en rotación con respecto a colocación inicial en 12 pacientes. En dos casos, el implante migró con necesidad de retiro. La evaluación de EVA y EO fue de 0.7 puntos y 1.4 por ciento. La ganancia de altura del espacio intersomático mejoró 2.5 mm. Una migración a los 23 meses por esfuerzo físico no indicado representando un 5 por ciento y no existiendo ningún hundimiento. CONCLUSIÓN: se puede concluir que había una reducción del dolor y el grado de discapacidad asociada a las plataformas de menor edema y aumento del espacio intervertebral.

OBJETIVO: as próteses de núcleo (PDN-SOLO) reconstituem a anatomia e preservam a biomecânica do disco intervertebral, com um índice de migração de 10 por cento e de afundamento de 19 por cento. Por isso, foi proposto um sistema de fixação para evitar essas complicações. MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 20 pacientes com seguimento mínimo de três anos. A avaliação da dor com EVA, função com Escala de Oswestry (EO) e disco por estudos radiológicos e ressonância magnética foram aplicados. A análise estatística foi por teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: Fizeram parte do estudo 12 homens e 8 mulheres, com média de idade de 37,6 anos. Valores pré-operatórios da EVA foram de 7,6 pontos e EO de 67 por cento, a altura do espaço intervertebral (EI) de 7,67 mm. Durante três anos, a EVA de dor foi de 0,7 e a EO foi menos de 6 por cento (p<0,000). Houve aumento da altura discal média de 2 mm. A prótese apresentou mobilidade em rotação durante a colocação inicial em 12 pacientes. Em dois casos o implante migrou com necessidade de remoção. A avaliação de EVA e EO foi de 0,7 pontos e 1,4 por cento. A ganância de altura do espaço intersomático melhorou 2,5 mm. Uma migração aos 23 meses por esforço físico não-indicado representou 5 por cento. Não houve nenhum afundamento. CONCLUSÃO: pode-se concluir que houve uma redução da dor e do grau de incapacidade associados com menos edema das plataformas e aumento do espaço intervertebral.

OBJECTIVE: The prosthetic nucleus (PDN-SOLO) reconstruct the anatomy and preserve the biomechanics of intervertebral disc with a migration rate of 10 percent and sinking rate of 19 percent. Therefore, a fixing system to avoid these complications was proposed. METHODS: A total of 20 patients were followed-up for at least three years. The assessment of pain with VAS, Oswestry Scale function (OS) and disk by radiological studies and magnetic resonance imaging were applied. Statistical analysis was made by Student's t-test. RESULTS: The subjects were 12 men and 8 women with a mean age of 37.6 years. VAS preoperative values were 7.6 points and OS 67 percent, the height of intervertebral space was 7.67 mm. For three years, the VAS pain score was 0.7 and OS less than 6 percent (p<0.000). There was an increase of average disc height of 2 mm. Prosthesis showed mobility in rotation during the initial placement in 12 patients. In 2 cases the implant migrated and it was necessary to remove it. The VAS evaluation and OS were 0.7 points and 1.4 percent. The height greed of intersomatic space improved in 2.5 mm. A migration in 23 months by non-indicated physical exertion represented 5 percent. There was no sinking. CONCLUSION: We can be concluded that there was a reduction of pain and degree of disability associated with less edema platforms and increase the intervertebral space.

Types and Prevalence of Coexisting Spine Lesions on Whole Spine Sagittal MR Images in Surgical Degenerative Spinal Diseases

PURPOSE: We investigated types and prevalence of coexisting lesions found on whole spine sagittal T2-weighted images (WSST2I) acquired from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and evaluated their clinical significance in surgical degenerative spinal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Coexisting spinal lesions were investigated using WSST2I from 306 consecutive patients with surgical degenerative spinal diseases. Severity of coexisting lesions was classified into four grades (0-3). Lesions of grade 2 and 3 were defined as "meaningful coexisting spine lesions" (MCSL). Degenerative spinal diseases were classified into three pathologies: simple disc herniation, degenerative spinal stenosis, and ligament ossification disease. The relationships between MCSL, gender, age, and primary spine lesions were analyzed. RESULTS: MCSL were found in 95 patients: a prevalence of 31.1%. Five out of 95 MCSL were surgically managed. The most common types of MCSL were disc herniation with 13.1% prevalence, followed by degenerative stenosis (9.5%) and ligament ossification diseases (6.8%). Older patients (age > or = 40) showed a significantly higher prevalence of MCSL than younger patients. There was no significant difference between male and female patients. The prevalence of MCSL was significantly higher (52.4%) in ligament ossification diseases than in disc herniation or spinal stenosis. CONCLUSION: Degenerative spinal diseases showed a high prevalence of MCSL, especially in old ages and ligament ossification diseases. WSST2I is useful for diagnosing coexisting spinal diseases and to avoid missing a significant cord-compressing lesion.